The UK Health Security Agency has released its annual STI data, revealing an overall 8.3% decrease in new STI diagnoses in England for 2025. However, one infection bucked the trend: first episode genital herpes diagnoses rose by 3.1%, from 27,914 cases in 2024 to 28,779 in 2025.
What is genital herpes?
Genital herpes is a common viral STI caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It spreads through skin-to-skin contact with infected areas, typically during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The first outbreak is usually the most severe, causing small blisters that burst into red, open sores on the genitals, anus, thighs, or bottom. Other symptoms include burning, tingling, or itching sensations, pain when urinating, unusual discharge, and flu-like symptoms. Some people experience mild symptoms and may not realize they are infected.
How is genital herpes spread?
Dr. Clair Granger from Superdrug Online Doctor clarifies common misconceptions: “The virus does not survive well outside the body and is not spread through toilet seats, towels, cutlery, or swimming pools. Transmission can occur via contaminated sex toys but usually requires direct skin-to-skin contact.”
Importantly, the virus can be contagious even without visible symptoms. “People often assume herpes is only contagious during an outbreak, but the virus can be passed on through asymptomatic shedding,” Dr. Clair explains. “This is one reason herpes can spread without either partner realizing.”
Cold sores (HSV-1) can also transmit the virus through oral sex, and HSV-1 genital infections have become “increasingly common,” particularly among younger adults.
Why are cases on the rise?
Dr. Clair believes a lack of awareness about transmission through oral sex is a key factor. “Awareness of this route of transmission remains relatively low, and many people do not think to use protection during oral sex in the same way they would during penetrative sex.”
The virus can remain dormant for years
Infection may not cause immediate symptoms; some people develop symptoms days later, while others may not notice anything for months or years. Outbreaks can be triggered by stress, poor sleep, illness, hormonal changes, or prolonged sun exposure.
How is genital herpes treated?
There is no cure, but antiviral medication can shorten outbreaks, ease symptoms, and reduce transmission risk. “Many people live normal, healthy lives with herpes and experience long periods without symptoms,” says Dr. Clair.
How to reduce the risk
Condoms reduce STI risk but do not completely eliminate herpes transmission because the virus can be present on skin not covered by a condom. Dr. Clair emphasizes: “It is important to ensure regular testing and open dialogue with sexual partners.”
