More than 80 dead and dying greater crested terns have been spotted off the South Australian coast, in what authorities suspect is the first mass mortality event from the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus in Australia. The discovery comes just six weeks after the disease first arrived on the continent.
Helicopter surveillance on Saturday revealed 49 dead greater crested terns on Baudin Rocks, near Robe, along with 35 more sick terns. While some birds have been collected for testing, South Australia’s chief vet, Skye Freuan, said it was likely the first mass mortality event from the disease.
Disease spreading inland and to new species
South Australia also reported three suspected positive cases in other greater crested terns, including one inland at Monarto, suggesting the disease has begun moving away from the coast. The Monarto area is home to several poultry farms. Three silver gulls were also suspected positive, SA authorities said, adding to the first silver gull found a few days ago and confirmed positive by the CSIRO earlier on Saturday.
Kate Millar, chief executive of the conservation charity BirdLife Australia, called it a “very significant escalation of the bird flu situation in Australia, and a very bleak milestone”. “Sadly, we’re at the beginning of a long and challenging battle and birds and wildlife are going to need all the help they can get,” she said.
Experts warn of rapid escalation
Jack Gough, chief executive of the Invasive Species Council, said it now appeared the disease was “starting to take off” and “mirroring the experience in South America of early detections, then rapid increases in numbers and spread leading to mass mortality events in wildlife”. “We are still at the very early stages of this devastating disease spreading, but the possible first mass mortality coming just days after the virus was declared not eradicable indicates how quickly this could escalate,” he said.
Freuan said there was “nothing we can do” to stop the spread of the disease, but that surveillance was working. The news came at the end of a significant week in the development of the disease, when numbers jumped by 20 in just a few days to the current total of 53.
Australia last continent to be hit
Australia was the last continent to have the unwelcome arrival of a disease that has killed millions of birds and mammals around the world. Victoria this week confirmed its first cases of the virulent strain in a greater crested tern found in Portland, with the state joining Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland that have all recorded positive cases.
On Saturday, Victorian authorities said samples from five crested terns had been sent to the CSIRO laboratory in Geelong, with preliminary testing suggesting more positive results.
Threat to endangered species
Five confirmed cases in birds at Seal Bay on Kangaroo Island also raised concerns for the welfare of the area’s Australian sea lions – an endangered species. Tens of thousands of seals have died worldwide from the disease.
But it has been the cases among silver gulls that have experts like Sean Dooley, national affairs adviser at BirdLife Australia, concerned that the spread of the virus has now reached a critical new stage. “When people think of a seagull, they’re almost always thinking of the silver gull,” said Dooley. “They’re very common, and primarily they are coastal, but they do come inland and can turn up in Lake Eyre following floods.”
Silver gulls as potential vectors
Silver gulls are the second Australian native species to catch the disease, after dozens of detections in greater crested terns. But it is the silver gull’s behaviour and habits that have experts concerned because they scavenge from dead or dying animals, meaning they can easily pick up the disease from other sick birds. They also pick detritus from water bodies – lakes and flooded areas included – and these are known to be breeding grounds for the disease.
“There is such a large population of silver gulls, and they move into other habitats. They could be the vector that takes bird flu inland,” says Dooley. “They’re also really successful in urban areas and could bring the disease into those bird populations.”
Unknown impact on unique Australian birds
Because Australia has a high concentration of unique birds, the susceptibility of many native species isn’t known. But the fears are there is no reason to think they would manage any better than birds overseas. Birds that flock around water have tended to be the hardest hit. Examples include sandwich terns, black-headed gulls and northern gannets in Europe and, in Peru, pelicans.
Dooley said the mood at BirdLife Australia this week had been one of “trying to suppress that sinking, gut-churning feeling”. The winter season for birdwatchers along the coast had been one of the best in 10 years, said Dooley, with rare petrels turning up in numbers along the east coast. “Now that has been heavily tinged because probably among those were birds carrying H5N1.”
