From rain jackets and makeup to frying pans, chances are, you own an item that includes PFAS. These man-made chemicals, associated with negative health effects including high cholesterol and decreased immunity, are hard to escape. Also known as “forever chemicals,” they take a very long time to break down, accumulating in the environment and our bodies. Despite activists calling for stricter regulations, PFAS have been found in everything from drinking water to household cleaning products. Another category on that list? Activewear.
Last month, the Texas attorney general announced an investigation into Lululemon, known for its leggings, for potentially containing PFAS in its apparel. The attorney general’s office accused the brand of not accurately representing “the safety, quality, and health impacts of its products.” In a statement, Lululemon said its products complied with global safety standards.
We spoke to three researchers who have studied PFAS in feminine hygiene products, water sources, and firefighting gear: Dr. Graham Peaslee, professor emeritus of Duke University; Dr. Scott Bartell, professor of environmental and occupational health at UC Irvine; and Alyssa Wicks, a researcher at Duke University. They explain how PFAS in activewear affects health and whether you need to throw out your $100 Lululemon leggings.
Are Leggings with PFAS Bad for You?
“We don’t fully understand how PFAS permeate the skin. But if you’re wearing leggings, especially while working out, sweat may result in some permeation of PFAS through the skin,” said Wicks. One of the most vulnerable spots is the crotch area, due to thinner skin’s “high dermal absorption capability,” Peaslee noted. Other susceptible areas include underarms and neck, though leggings may be less of a concern there.
Research also shows that buying PFAS-containing products can harm public health. “Every time you wash these leggings, you may be shedding PFAS that end up in wastewater and can come back around to drinking water,” said Wicks. Peaslee added, “Even if I don’t wear leggings, I will be exposed to PFAS by everybody else who wears leggings with PFAS.” Bartell noted that PFAS exposure has been linked to adverse health conditions, including immune development issues, impaired liver function, and some cancers. However, he emphasized that wearing PFAS-containing leggings is a “pretty small percentage of overall exposure,” with diet and drinking water being the most likely sources.
What Should I Do If My Leggings Contain PFAS?
You don’t need to throw them away, Peaslee said. “Think about how many sources you’re exposed to every day. Your biggest source is probably what you drink and eat, as there is a direct pathway into the bloodstream, while the dermis is a good protector against most chemicals.” To reduce exposure, Bartell recommended using water filters and choosing hard floor coverings instead of carpeting, which may contain PFAS. He also suggested donating blood, which can reduce PFAS levels by 10% (though it transfers PFAS to the recipient). People who menstruate naturally lose blood, reducing PFAS levels. Dietary changes, such as eating more fiber, may also help reduce PFAS in the body.
Why Do Activewear Brands Use PFAS?
Some brands intentionally add PFAS to make clothing stain- or water-resistant. Other times, PFAS are added unintentionally. “There are many places along the manufacturing process where PFAS can be used – in machinery and oils to keep machines running,” said Wicks. Research shows that “trace amounts” may wind up in consumer goods even if a brand advertises products as PFAS-free. Bartell noted that this issue is not restricted to Lululemon; lab tests have detected PFAS in garments from Nike, Beyond Yoga, and Alo Yoga.
How Do I Know If Leggings Contain PFAS?
“In most places, you won’t be able to find that on the label, as there are no disclosure requirements,” said Bartell. Experts recommend looking for certifications such as OEKO-TEX, which requires products to be free of more than 1,000 harmful chemicals including intentional PFAS use, or Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), which also prohibits PFAS.
What Brands Make PFAS-Free Activewear?
Mate The Label has GOTS certification and labels its products as PFAS-free. LNDR holds an OEKO-TEX certification. In 2023, REI announced its clothing products would be PFAS-free, and its leggings are currently discounted for the brand’s anniversary sale. Other PFAS-free options include the REI Co-op Active Pursuits 7/8 Tights and Cropped Tights.
For more guidance, the Guardian’s Filter series offers tips on buying fewer, better things, including the best PFAS-free rain jackets and non-toxic cooking pans.
